Rosalind Franklin Discovered DNA Structure

Rosalind Franklin is known for her role (largely unacknowledged during her lifetime) in discovering the helical structure of DNA, a discovery credited to Watson, Crick, and Wilkins—received a Nobel Prize for physiology and medicine in 1962.  Franklin might have been included in that prize, had she lived.  She was born on July 25, 1920, and died on April 16, 1958.  she was a biophysicist, physical chemist, and molecular biologist. Early Life Rosalind Franklin was born in London. Her family was well-off; her father worked as a banker with socialist leanings and taught at the Working Mens College. Her family was active in the public sphere. A paternal great-uncle was the first practicing Jew to serve in the British Cabinet. An aunt was involved with the womens suffrage movement and trade union organizing. Her parents were involved in resettling Jews from Europe. Studies Rosalind Franklin developed her interest in science at school, and by age 15 she decided to become a chemist. She had to overcome the opposition of her father, who did not want her to attend college or become a scientist; he preferred that she go into social work. She earned her Ph.D. in chemistry in 1945 at Cambridge. After graduating, Rosalind Franklin stayed and worked for a while at Cambridge and then took a job in the coal industry, applying her knowledge and skill to the structure of coal. She went from that position to Paris, where she worked with Jacques Mering and developed techniques in x-ray crystallography, a leading-edge technique to explore the structure of the atoms in molecules. Studying DNA Rosalind Franklin joined the scientists at the Medical Research Unit, Kings College when John Randall recruited her to work on the structure of DNA. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) was originally discovered in 1898 by Johann Miescher, and it was known that it was a key to genetics. But it was not until the middle of the 20th century when scientific methods had developed to where the actual structure of the molecule could be discovered, and Rosalind Franklins work was key to that methodology. Rosalind Franklin worked on the DNA molecule from 1951 until 1953. Using x-ray crystallography, she took photographs of the B version of the molecule. A co-worker with whom Franklin did not have a good working relationship, Maurice H.F. Wilkins, showed Franklins photographs of DNA to James Watson—without Franklins permission. Watson and his research partner Francis Crick were working independently on the structure of DNA, and Watson realized that these photographs were the scientific evidence they needed to prove that the DNA molecule was a double-stranded helix. While Watson, in his account of the discovery of the structure of DNA, largely dismissed Franklins role in the discovery, Crick later admitted that Franklin had been only two steps away from the solution herself. Randall had decided that the lab would not work with DNA, and so by the time her paper was published, she had moved on to Birkbeck College and the study of the structure of the tobacco mosaic virus, and she showed the helix structure of the virus RNA. She worked at Birkbeck for John Desmond Bernal and with Aaron Klug, whose 1982 Nobel Prize was based in part on his work with Franklin. Cancer In 1956, Franklin discovered she had tumors in her abdomen. She continued to work while undergoing treatment for cancer. She was hospitalized at the end of 1957, returned to work in early 1958, but soon became unable to work. She died in April. Rosalind Franklin did not marry or have children; she conceived of her choice to go into science as giving up marriage and children. Legacy Watson, Crick, and Wilkins were awarded the Nobel Prize in physiology and medicine in 1962, four years after Franklin died. The Nobel Prize rules limit the number of people for an award to three and also limit the award to those who are still alive, so Franklin was not eligible for the Nobel. Nevertheless, many have thought that she deserved explicit mention in the award and that her key role in confirming the structure of DNA was overlooked because of her early death and the attitudes of the scientists of the time toward women scientists. Watsons book recounting his role in the discovery of DNA displays his dismissive attitude toward Rosy. Cricks description of Franklins role was less negative than Watsons, and Wilkins mentioned Franklin when he accepted the Nobel. Anne Sayre wrote a biography of Rosalind Franklin, responding to the lack of credit given to her and the descriptions of Franklin by Watson and others. The wife of another scientist at the laboratory and a friend of Franklin, Sayre describes the clash of personalities and the sexism that Franklin faced in her work. Aaron Klug used Franklins notebooks to show how close she had come to independently discovering the structure of DNA. In 2004, the Finch University of Health Sciences/The Chicago Medical School changed its name to the Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science to honor Franklins role in science and medicine. Career Highlights Fellowship, Cambridge, 1941-42: gas-phase chromatography, working with Ronald Norrish (Norrish won a 1967 Nobel in chemistry)British Coal Utilisation Research Association, 1942-46: studied physical structure of coal and graphiteLaboratoire Central des Services Chimiques de lEtat, Paris, 1947-1950: worked with x-ray crystallography, working with Jacques MeringMedical Research Unit, Kings College, London; Turner-Newall fellowship, 1950-1953: worked on the structure of DNABirkbeck College, 1953-1958; studied tobacco mosaic virus and RNA Education St. Pauls Girls School, London: one of the few schools for girls that included scientific studyNewnham College, Cambridge, 1938-1941, graduated 1941 in chemistryCambridge, Ph.D. in chemistry, 1945 Family Father: Ellis FranklinMother: Muriel Waley FranklinRosalind Franklin was one of four children, the only daughter Religious Heritage: Jewish, later became an agnostic Also known as:  Rosalind Elsie Franklin, Rosalind E. Franklin Key Writings by or About Rosalind Franklin Rosalind Franklin and Raymond G. Gosling [research student working with Franklin]. Article in Nature published April 25, 1953, with Franklins photograph of the B form of DNA. In the same issue as Watson and Cricks article announcing the double-helix structure of DNA.J. D. Bernal. Dr. Rosalind E. Franklin. Nature 182, 1958.James D. Watson. The Double Helix. 1968.Aaron Klug, Rosalind Franklin and the discovery of the structure of DNA. Nature 219, 1968.Robert Olby. The Path to the Double Helix. 1974.Anne Sayre. Rosalind Franklin and DNA. 1975.Brenda Maddox. Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA. 2002.

The Article On Making It Overseas - 905 Words

Please summarize the article on Making it Overseas. In the article† Making it Overseas† by Mansour Javidan, Mary Teagarden, and David Bowen, states that for developing skills of global leadership, working all in various countries is one of the strategies which people can gain capabilities for cross-cultural issues. However, by gaining working experience overseas is not the only determinant to decide leaders’ success. In order to succeed overseas, leaders need a global mind-set, which includes Intellectual Capital, Psychological Capital, and Social Capital, and each of them are defined by three specific characteristics. Intellectual Capital, a collective knowledge of leaders in a global organization, has three key attributes, such as global business savvy, cognitive complexity, and cosmopolitan outlook. First, Global business savvy indicates how business operates worldwide, and risks arising due to various environment. Second, cognitive complexity is an ability to s crape together different information when leaders are facing multiple choices. Last, cosmopolitan outlook states that leaders are needed to have interest in various cultural, history, geography, political, and economic. Psychological Capital is related to comprehensive ability to updated concepts. There attributions under psychological Capital are, first, passion for diversity says global leaders need to be passionate to explore the world. Second, thirst for adventure, an ability to confront unpredictedShow MoreRelatedEssay about BUSI 613 Journal Review 1 Week 2 31191 Words   |  5 Pages Journal Article Review 1- Week 2    Ferreira, J., Prokopets, L. (2009). Does offshoring still make sense? Supply Chain Management Review, 13(1), 20-n/a., pp 1-5, Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/221135949?accountid=12085 In this paper I will summarize the article, discuss the purpose intended by the authors, and discuss how this situation relates to the supplyRead MoreThe Exponential Boom Of Technology1473 Words   |  6 Pagesboom of technology in 21st century is shaping societies to befit globalization. The quest for technological evolution is making globalization essential, connecting every part of the globe. The Multinational companies, International tourism overseas education are all a few outcomes of globalization. Being an international student I robustly appreciate the idea of studying overseas since it is a platform for international students to learn about different cultures, languages, lifestyles, social cuesRead MoreThe Three Advancements of Globalization 1058 Words   |  5 PagesGlobalization and its Impact Globalization by definition means the tendency of business, technologies or philosophies to spread around the world, or the process of making this happened. Globalization depends on three keys of advancement, the role of human migration, international trade and rapid movements of capital. Globalization has many pros but yet also many cons that can have a deciding factor in an economy. Many people think globalization still favors the rich and it’s a detriment to countriesRead MoreWhat Makes A Buyer Driven Commodity Chain Is Walmart1338 Words   |  6 Pagesmerchandisers who establish and control global production of their products. These are referred to as buyers because they source their global goods from suppliers globally. One huge example of a buyer-driven commodity chain is Walmart. As I read this article, which discusses many things about Walmart and what it has done to the American economy, I am surprised and disgusted. Walmart claims that they are family oriented and here for their workers. We are not anti-union we are pro-associate. If this isRead MoreNegative Views Of Foreign Imperialism903 Words   |  4 PagesOver the course of a few years, overseas expansionism has done nothing but worsen who we are as a country. Our involvement into the Spanish American War, when we acquired the Philippines, and the out comes even after have shown that overseas expansionism was nothing but negative towards us. This negativity has shaped the negative views of supporters and non-supporters of overseas expansionism. In doc 1, we see that an African American newspaper writer writes an article on the war. The newspaper seemsRead More Outsourcing Essay1680 Words   |  7 PagesOutsourcing is defined as â€Å"The procuring of services or products, such as the parts used in manufacturing a motor vehicle, from an outside supplier or manufacturer in order to cut costs.† And it has become a big issue in our country. There are thousands of articles and books written on it, and you can attend numerous classes and speeches on the subject. The use of outsourcing is quite simple really†¦ Either pay an American worker $15 an hour, or pay someone in India to do the same job for $2 an hour. There areRead MoreInternational Trade And Outsourcing Of Products968 Words   |  4 Pagesmedia sources were beginning to show Americans and many others around the world the truth behind overseas manufacturing. A majority of people began to criticize companies for their use of sweatshops overseas. The critics began to bring up the subjects of child labor, worker’s rights, and low-wage labor. According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary the word ‘business’ is defined as, â€Å"The activity of making, buying, or selling goods or providing services in exchange for money.† This is one of the reasonRead MoreThe NBA One-And-Done Rule1584 Words   |  7 Pageshad to be at least one year removed from high school and had to be at least 19 years of age in order to partake in the NBA draft. Currently, the league does not require players to play NCAA basketball as you can be drafted after playing a season overseas. However, for many high school graduates attending college has becomes their only option in pursing the dream to one-day play in the NBA. Several media outlets such as television and newspapers have not helped this debate. A lot of times the mediaRead MoreEssay On Republican Tax Cuts For The Rich702 Words   |  3 PagesThis article is about how economist don’t agree with the republican tax cuts for the rich. The author Noah Smith is stating â€Å"They don’t boost growth; they just add to deficits.† The article is making the case that there is a misconception that economist agree with tax cuts for the very wealthy. In the article the author highlights how keeping taxes high for the rich could be beneficial to economic growth, the author also provides with statistics that most economist would agree. â€Å"As republicans tryRead MoreThe Communication Behavior Of Long Distance Relationships Essay926 Words   |  4 Pages Journal Of Communication, 63, 556-577. Description: This article is about how people assume that it is challenging to maintain a close long distance relationship status. Researchers have searched that long distance relationships are just as equal than those relationships that are not because of the use of mediated communication. There is also more trust and satisfaction during separation. There are two studies shown in the article. The first study is discussed upon how long distance (LD) couples

What Happened From Post Racial America - 1234 Words

Daniel Josà © Older, Ward Connerly, David Theo Goldberg, and Binyavanga Wainaina wrote four, somehow related, articles. Each of them with both same and different points of view, wrote articles of a similar topic; race. Some key concepts about racialization in America that Connerly, Goldberg, Older, and Wainaina present are color-blindness, othering, and erasure. Color-blindness, meaning no more preferences, had a wide range of views from these authors. Connerly, author of â€Å"What Happened to Post-Racial America?†, is for this idea of color-blindness. Connerly mentions, near the end of his article, â€Å"he [president Obama] should urge Americans to embrace the color blind vision of John F Kennedy who said that ‘race has no place in American life or law†. He states â€Å"The longer we allow preferences to endure in the guise of diversity, the more damage will be done to the nation† on page 180, showing his disbelief in that the continuous judgement based on race will have a positive outcome. By stating â€Å"Blacks are on our courts, including the highest court in the land, blacks are mayors of major cities and heads of American corporations†, we can see that Connerly feels that since there are already blacks in higher positions similar to those whites are in, we no longer need to pay attention to color. Connerly uses quotes and examples from people in higher positions to show that since these intelligent people believed this, so should we. In paragraph 5 on page 180, he states â€Å"It isShow MoreRelatedEssence Of Post Racial America1476 Words   |  6 PagesJiang First Draft Professor Land English 1304 09 1 Feb 2015 Essence of post-racial America Racialism is not merely an English words as simply as it look like. Racialism is complex social problem which excise since the establishing of United States. About 6 years ago, after Barack Obama win the presidential election, most Americans raise the theory of â€Å"post-racial† America. According to urban-dictionary s definition: post-racial is â€Å"a term used to describe a society or time period in which discussionsRead MoreRacial And Ethnic Identity : Racial Prejudice, Racism, And The Harsh Human Nature1306 Words   |  6 Pagesunderstand that having a post-racial word would be, in fact, a provocation to their cultural knowledge. The world will never reach a post-racial society because of culture, religion, and the harsh human nature. The world will never be post-racial because of culture. Racial and ethnic identity is embedded in our culture. If somehow culture does not become important anymore, then maybe a post-racial is possible. But culture will always be an important factor in society. Racial practice penetrates throughRead MoreRacial Discrimination Against African Americans857 Words   |  4 Pagesbeen gathered and interpreted from some legal organizations and communities that related to the racial discrimination issues in America (United States Department of Labor). Moreover, some of the sources also retrieved from well-known American newspapers, such as Washington Post (These ten charts show the black-white economic gap hasn’t budged in 50 years, 2013), which make the data and information are always pay attention and focused on problems that happened in America based on American perspectiveRead MoreCivil Rights For African Americans1001 Words   |  5 Pagesskin. They’ve been slaves, segregated, and discriminated, and been forced to fight for equality. Till this day African Americans are discriminated but yet have accomplished a lot from changing laws to changing the way they are viewed. The first slaves arrived in Virginia around the 1600’s and was the jumpstart to what was to come in the united states and so began with the purchase of a human being no better than the caucasian person only differing of the color of their skin.In the late 1700’s slavesRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement Of The 1960 S1077 Words   |  5 Pagesbecause of racism and prejudices. Ever since the end of the Civil War, they struggled to benefit from their full rights that the Constitution promised. Jim Crow was laws that enforced racial segregation more than a series of rigid anti-black laws it was like a way of life. Jim Crow in America hasn’t ended its merely redesigned and renamed. According to Ruben Santiago-Hudson he said â€Å"Even here in America, people are fighting for civil rights 45 years after the civil rights movement†. Even now thisRead MoreRacial Tensions By Dennis Prager922 Words   |  4 Pagesnational issue. In the United States of America, al though considered a relatively peaceful country, experiences national conflicts regularly. Dennis Prager says â€Å"Since neither black animosity nor the Left’s falsehood of ‘racial tensions’ is based on the actual behavior of the vast majority of white Americans, nothing white America can do will affect the perceptions of many black Americans or of the leftist libel.† This quote defends the idea that in most cases, the racial tension is one sided and withoutRead MoreAfrican Americans During The Great Depression1053 Words   |  5 Pages This investigation will analyze to what extent did negative racial encounters in the 1950’s caused the white fight to the suburbs.African Americans began moving into Chicago in great numbers following the Great Depression. Tensions arose as they moved into the city, which sparked many whites to move into neighboring suburbs such as the ones highlighted on the map to your right.(Ebony Magazine 18) Following the great population change were negative racial encounters and segregation.This exhibitRead MoreAnalysis Of Kevin Boyle s Arc Of Justice1585 Words   |  7 PagesNathan Bondurant Book Review One In Kevin Boyle’s Arc of Justice: A saga of Race, Civil Rights, and Murder in the Jazz Age, the author creates a way to describe the discrimination and horrible racial treatment inflicted on the African American community following the civil war and continuing into the 1900’s by following a black doctor’s life and his controversy in equality. The author sets the scene in the booming city of Detroit, a place many blacks ventured to when trying to escape the crueltyRead MoreHow Teaching Tolerance At Adolescence1387 Words   |  6 Pagesthe United States of America, but it is becoming more prevalent now than ever before. Hate and racism are learned behaviors not given by birth; therefore, if children can be taught to hate, can they not also be taught to tolerate if schools systems were able to research and implement new curriculum designed to support equality and purge stereotypes? This problem dates all the way to back before our country was established, when the Native Americans were attacked in early America and forcibly relocatedRead MoreRace Determined Inclusion and Exclusion in America1861 Words   |  7 PagesHistorically, America has been a nation that participates in discriminatory practices based on perceived race. European Americans have always considered themselves as a privilege group, therefore excluded from the discriminatory practice against other minorities. Mexicans, Filipinos, Blacks (African Americans) and Native Americans, were excluded from first class citizenship, and were and still are in some cases America’s victims of separatism. Americans of European descent fought to keep their status

The Fifth Amendment Is Falling Victim - 894 Words

In my life no one has ever made the attempt to censor my speech or written word. I have never been imprisoned with or without a speedy trial. No soldier has ever been quartered in my home and property has never been confiscated. No lawsuit has ever been brought against me and certainly not one where I am dealing with a corrupt judge. This is a testament to the power and enduring strength of the constitution, its existence negates its applicability to my life. However, this only continues to be the truth as long as a well educated population makes the constant choice between individual rights and expediency, between freedom and security. I fear that the seventh amendment is falling victim to a lack of such necessary vigilance and examination. Ratified in 1791, the seventh amendment protects the right to trial by jury in civil cases and for most of its history it has fulfilled its intention in this role. Unlike many other amendments, the seventh is not one that has not often been directly challenged. From its inception it has remained largely unchanged except for small practical adjustments. The seventh is not considered as essential to the protection of liberties and freedoms and this is reflected by it not being subordinated to the states. The seventh amendment’s efficacy is brought to question by rulings related to mandatory arbitration. An early case of this was in Gilmer v Interstate/Johnson Lane Corp. it was decided by the lower courts that Gilmer who wantedShow MoreRelatedFederal RICO Statutes Essay1615 Words   |  7 Pagesthey were in the did planning or organizing of the crime. With the development of RICO, it is now possible to hold numerous affiliates accountable for the crimes they have committed or constructed. It could be argued that RICO undermines the Fifth Amendment in the areas of due process yet RICO is proving to be a most beneficial Act for our growing Nation, courts, and legal system. Now there is a much broader ability to find racketeering affiliates guilty, in order to ensure a crippling blow to organizedRead MoreThe Legacy Of Magna Carta1205 Words   |  5 Pagesroutinely detain people on the slightest suspicion and even seize their property for no justifiable reason. The fear of falli ng victim to the government or the monarchy led the 13th century English barons to barons to rebel and force King John to sign Magna Carta at Runnymede. The principles of liberty enshrined in Magna Carta inspired the American Revolution and the Fifth Amendment. The colonists rebelling against the English crown justified their actions arguing they were entitled to the same rightsRead MoreTopic: Should the Rights of the Accused Be Curtailed?2915 Words   |  12 Pagesconstitution, made a special emphasis on the rights of the accused in order to protect the individual from tyranny and unjustly convictions. Now as time progresses, we must question if the constitution protects the rights of the accused more than its victims and if so how can we go about striking the balance between the two. History The Framers of the constitution carried a great deal of baggage with them regarding government. Coming out of Britain, where the government represented tyrannyRead MoreEthics Or The Virtue Theory2029 Words   |  9 Pagesdisclosure of wiretaps could tip off potential terrorists of the law enforcement communities intentions to thwart a potential terrorist attack (Pike, 2013). While this started off with good intentions it violated the protections afforded by the Fourth Amendment, and it made it easier for law enforcement officials to target people and without sweeping changes after the programs disclosure, it had the potential to be used to target impoverished neighborhoods and minorities. When an individual is accused ofRead MoreThe Equal Protection Clause Of The Fourteenth Amendment3764 Words   |  16 PagesThe equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution was at first created to protect against racial discrimination, but the Supreme Court later expanded the clause to also providing equal treatment amongst different races. The clause says, â€Å"No state shall†¦deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws† (U.S. Constitution. Art./Amend. XIV, Sec. 1.) A person could not be discriminated upon solely because of his or her race and if the law treated aRead MoreThe Effects Of Mandatory Arrests On Domestic Violence Essay3578 Words   |  15 Pageswere created to help victims, the solution of mandatory arrests in domestic violence incidents, led to many negative consequences; putting many women in danger, rather than helping them (Iyengar). Though designed to deter violence by offenders, mandatory arre st laws make women more vulnerable to being arrested themselves, lead abuse in domestic violence disputes to become more severe, and deter women from reporting violence to police (Strout). The mandatory arrest law, falling under the Violence AgainstRead MoreThe Importance of New Zealand’s Forestry Industry Essay1396 Words   |  6 Pagesworkers. (MPI, 2014). The Industry is one of the most dangerous working environments according to Bentley, Parker, Ashby, Moore, and Tappin, (2002), due to the utilisation of hazardous machinery, as well as the added dangers of uneven terrain, and falling logs or debris (ACC, 2007). The frontline forestry workers may have been working under substandard health and safety conditions, explained by Slappendel, Laird, Kawachi, Marshall, Cryer, (1993), due to the lack of oversight or regulation on theRead MoreThe French American Alliance And Connection Is One That1754 Words   |  8 Pagesrespective socio-political contexts. Historically, France has had a much harder and rockier road to established democracy than America. France’s government has been through many phases characterized as the Five Republics. The constitution of the Fifth Republic (which is in place today) was drawn up several weeks after Gen. Charles de Gaulle was invested as the last prime minister of the Fourth Republic. The new constitution, which was adopted by an 80 percent vote in a popular referendum heldRead MoreCriminal Justice Research Paper6315 Words   |  26 Pagesreasonable suspicion to expand the detention, and a positive drug dog sniff provided basis for search of vehicle. Im not aware of reason that the interpretation of the 4th Amendment would be any different in Oklahoma than it is in any other state. All states have to follow the US Supreme Courts decisions on 4th Amendment issues. It would be true that once an officer has conducted a pat down search and determined that there are no weapons, he is not allowed to go further in searching withoutRead MoreEssay about Gang Injunctions10585 Words   |  43 Pagesthe seminal gang injunction case, where the Court upheld a gang injunction as constitutional.50 In Acuna, a gang injunction had been issued by the Superior Court, but the Court of Appeal found that the injunction violated the First, Fifth, and Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution primarily because its provisions were â€Å"unconstitutionally vague or overbroad.†51 Fifteen out of the twenty

Rhetorical Analysis of President Woodrow Wilsons War Message

With the status of the country’s belligerency heavily in question, an apprehensive President Woodrow Wilson prepared to request from an unmotivated and unprepared country a declaration of war against Germany. After exerting every attempt possible to retain the peace and honor of the United States, the President was finally forced to choose between the two, in which he opted for the latter (Seymour 26). As he sat down to compose his congressional address proposing war, the uncertainty of his decision overwhelmed him. He confided to a member of his cabinet, Frank Cobb, that he had never been as unsure about anything in his life as the judgment he was making for the nation (Baker 506). Through a rhetorical analysis of Wilson’s points of†¦show more content†¦He labeled the conflict as â€Å"a war against all nations† exemplifying the distress that other countries have experienced due to the unbiased and relentless bombing of their own neutral ships (Safire 111). By associating the United States with other friendly countries who are also at odds with Germany, Wilson’s cry for war seemed more convincing. He went on to assert that the choice made by the U.S must be befitting to the singular characteristics of the country and that they must be very clear what their motives upon entry into the war were: not vengeance or profession of physical might, but to defend the principles of peace and justice and â€Å"to set up amongst the free people of the world an observance of these ideals† (Safire 113). We were entering the war not to battle with the German people, but to combat a greater menace, the system that had impended these violations (Baker 512). The president proceeded with regard to his stance on neutrality. Aware of pacifists like Henry Cabot Lodge in the audience, Wilson appealed to those who had not forgotten his promises of keeping America out of war. He admitted that his assumption that armed neutrality would b e adequate in â€Å"safeguarding his people from unlawful violence† was in fact impossible and he had failed to â€Å"assert our neutral rights with arms, our right to use the seas against unlawful interference, our right to keep our people safe against unlawful violence†Show MoreRelatedWoodrow Wilson s War Message1405 Words   |  6 Pages Woodrow Wilson s War Message A Rhetorical Analysis Paper Cesar Gerardo Fragoso Texas AM International University Abstract On April 2, 1917, President Wilson wrote and spoke one of his famous speech: War Message. President Wilson wants to ensure the people s hope and faith from the war. As President Wilson (1917) stated in his speech Each nation must decide for itself how it will meet it... Our motive will not be revenge or the victorious assertion of the physical might of the nation, but onlyRead MoreRupert Murdoch ¬Ã‚ ¥S Media Monopoly5481 Words   |  22 PagesBibliography Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…. p. 17 Introduction The following term paper deals with the development of television from its early beginnings in the 1920s up to now. My attention focuses on the powers which influence what is shown on TV and the analysis of methods they use in order to manipulate the public opinion. Outlining the success story of this important means of mass media at the beginning of the first chapter, I will then explain the effects of globalisation on the TV market. ConsideringRead More Public Opinion and Television Essay5264 Words   |  22 Pagesof information presented on TV. Introduction The following term paper deals with the development of television from its early beginnings in the 1920s up to now. My attention focuses on the powers which influence what is shown on TV and the analysis of methods they use in order to manipulate the public opinion. Outlining the success story of this important means of mass media at the beginning of the first chapter, I will then explain the effects of globalisation on the TV market. ConsideringRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pages Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History Jack Metzgar, Striking Steel: Solidarity Remembered Janis Appier, Policing Women: The Sexual Politics of Law Enforcement and the LAPD Allen Hunter, ed., Rethinking the Cold War Eric Foner, ed., The New American History. Revised and Expanded Edition E SSAYS ON _ T WENTIETH- C ENTURY H ISTORY Edited by Michael Adas for the American Historical Association TEMPLE UNIVERSITY PRESS PHILADELPHIA Temple

Assignment Mainly Reflects On Organization â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Assignment Mainly Reflects On Organization? Answer: Introducation This section of the assignment mainly reflects on the organization Lion which is one of the food and beverage suppliers within Australia. In addition to this, the report focuses on the organizational structure of the organization, which is considered as one of the hierarchical arrangement that mainly helps in defining as well as elaborating the functions of the organization, includes task allocation, co-ordination as well as supervision (Ashkenas et al. 2015). It is identified that the paper elaborates current organizational structure of Lion and helps in identifying the issue that are related with the structure of the organization. Apart from this, a flow chart diagram is prepared for reflecting the issues related with the sales system of the organization. It is analyzed that the organization faces number of issues that must be mitigated by utilizing proper strategies as well as methods. Current organizational structure It is identified that organizational structure of an organization is very much helpful in understanding as well as solving different types of processes which are generally adopted by organizations in order to manage various types of business development aspect that are incorporated within the culture as well as structure of the organization (Alomuna and Chima 2016). Thus, the organizational structure of the organization Lion which is one of the food and beverage company in Australia is provided: Figure 1: Organizational Structure of Lion (Source: Lionco.com 2017) Operational problem due to the structure of the organization The structure of the organization is considered as one of the most important as well as effective aspect that helps in managing as well as signifying the organizational growth in context to organizational development. Additionally, the organization Lion generally competes with other competitors so that they can easily manage their sustainable standards within the market of Australia. It is stated by Morales et al. (2013) that the departments that are present in the organization must be managed properly by taking proper unified measures for achieving success as well as various types functional benefits within the performance of the organization. It is identified that the organization Lion faces number of issues as well as challenges that are mainly associated with the structure of organization. The issues are as follows: Poor Communication: Poor communication is considered as one of the most effective issue before the organization Lion due to the problems that are associated with management processes as well as organizational structure. Improper communication creates different types of conflicting situations that can harm the entire organization from achieving functional benefits as well as success in context to sustainability (Riechman et al. 2014). Additionally, it is identified that the organization does not provide appropriate priority to the staffs of lower grade in making decisions that are associated with the operation of the organization. Improper strategic Management: Effective structure of the organization is very much important in maximizing the growth potential of Lion. The organization does not have proper organizational structure, as a result, the organization is incapable of managing decisions as well as functions, and as a result, the company faces number of issues in context to strategic decision-making procedure. Due to the entire problem, Lion loses its sustainability while managing the target market in context to organizational structure as well as other additional functions. Reduced Productivity: It is identified that improper structure of the organization creates negative impact on the productivity. The productivity of the organization minimizes due to improper concentration on the development of organizational structure in context to various objectives as well as goals of Lion (Bhattacharyya 2013). Additionally, there are number of significant approaches as well as functional areas of development that must be noticed by the organizational head. The areas that need to be developed include productivity measures, communication standards, supply chain management and more. Therefore, reduced productivity is identified as one of the most significant issue before the organization in context to organizational structure. Inefficient supply chain management: It is identified that improper supply chain management is one of the significant issue or functional challenge before the organization due to its structure. It is found that inefficient supply chain management creates number of challenges for the organization in context to customer service, cost control, partnership, future planning as well as supply chain talent (Shukla et al. 2016). It is found that improper structure of the organization plays a significant role in weakening the relation of the organization that further creates negative impact on the supply chain related functions as well as processes. Inefficient human resource management: The organization Lion does not have proper as well as efficient human resource management for managing the infrastructures as well as work processes of the company. This creates number of operational problems within the organization Employee demand-supply mismatch, higher turnover of the staff and more. Most likely system acquisition method ERP system implementation procedure is considered as the most likely acquisition method. It is identified that ERP or enterprise resource planning is considered as one of the system that generally helps in offering number of functional benefits as well as tools that are useful in managing the development perspective of Lion (Shukla et al. 2016). By utilizing the ERP system, the company can easily collaborate with other departments in context to different functional aspects that are generally incorporated within the architecture of the organization. The conflicts that arise in the organization can be minimized very easily with the implementation of this information system within the organization Lion. It is opined by (Chen, Peng and Hung (2015) that implementation of ERP system is quite helpful in providing proper as well as efficient solutions to the different members of the organization so that they can be able to achieve proper goals as well as objectives that are generally involved with the architecture of the system. The ERP system also helps in providing an effective communication perspective that generally helps in managing development perspective as well as communication measures. Description of the system flowchart for sales of the Lion The sales flowchart of the organization Lion is provided that is quite helpful in identifying various types of issues as well as challenges that are mainly involved with the structure of the organization. Figure 2: Sales Process of Lion (Source: Created by Author) Identification of control problem within the system The various types of issues as well as challenges that are related with the sales process management of the company Lion are as follows: False purchase: It is identified that false purchase is also one of the effective issue that is mainly involved with the process management of system architecture (Al-Ghofaili and Al-Mashari 2014). Additionally, it is analyzed that this type of issue generally occurs from end customers or users. False sales: False sales are considered as one of the most significant issue that generally arises due to insignificant management of sales procedures within the organization. It mainly arises from the end members of the organization who are generally communicate with the client. This section of the report mainly reflects on the adoption as well as development of accounting software packages within the Australian market. According to (Drury and Vickers, Xero (2015), accounting software is defined as a type of computer software that is utilized by various accounting professionals for managing the accounts for performing various accounting related operations. In the assignment, Xero accounting software package is generally selected for analyzing the impact, development as well as functional utilization of this software within the structure of the organization. Development as well adoption of accounting software packages The utilization of accounting software package within the Australian market is quite beneficial in context to measures that are incorporated within the structure of the organization. Additionally, the company of accounting software Xero is located in New Zealand and the company was mainly established in 2014 for providing benefits in context to financial operations. The accounting software provides appropriate support in managing various finance related operation within the organization (Tan 2016). Additionally, there are number of organizations in the Australian market that are using this accounting software for managing various operations of the organization with appropriate excellence. Apart from this, it is identified that development of accounting software is quite helpful in changing the functionalities as well as accounting standards that are related with the structure of the organization (Dimitriu and Matei 2014). The various types of organizational needs as well as demands m ust be managed appropriate with the utilization of accounting software standards as well as functionalities. It is identified that Xero accounting software is very much helpful in providing various standards as well as procedures that are helpful in managing the various details of accounting of important clients of the organization. Current market size It is identified from the market review that both Xero as well as MYOB are considered as the best-suited accounting software packages within the Australian market. Therefore, it is analyzed that the accounting software Xero have best platform that helps in managing various financial operations of the organization. Additionally, Xero assists in providing proper as well as effective support for managing different types of financial problems within the organization (Drury and Vickers 2015). It is found that the automatic operational feature that is provided by the accounting software is quite advantageous as it attracts large number of users as well as customers for resolving challenges that are associated with the manual operations. The package of accounting software also helps in providing proper updates about the financial database that helps in reducing errors within the operational system architecture of the organization (Mageto 2017). Thus, it is found that accounting software pac kage provides number of benefits to the users as well as clients as per their requirement. Identification of leaders in the market for providing competitive advantage After making appropriate investigation, it is identified that Xero accounting software provides number of benefits that re elaborated below: Cloud based set-up: It is identified that Xero is one of the most effective cloud based software that generally help in providing proper information to the users in context to their needs as well as choices. The cloud based set up is considered very much advantageous over the various choices of the users. Collaboration among different users: It is identified that Xero helps in making proper collaboration among the users, which can be achieved in context to fundamental, as well as functional areas of development within the organization that generally requires facility of financial operation (Hingorani, Beasley and Bradford 2015). Fast functional outputs: Xero helps in providing all the fast functional operations as well as possible solutions to the users with the help of appropriate set up of Xero. Integrative architecture of the system: It is identified that the accounting software Xero helps in providing integrative architecture of the system to the users. In addition to this, the various types of functional blocks that are generally involved with the development of system architecture are very much helpful in managing the financial database of the organization. Identification of current challenges and gaps, which are encountered, by the users and customers It is analyzed that the functionality of Xero has significant gaps, which needs to be resolved properly by utilizing appropriate strategies. Some of the functional gaps are elaborated below: Complexity: The utilization of Xero accounting software is quite complex in comparison to other solutions in the competitive market. Security issues: It is identified that the accounting software Xero, faces number of security related issues within the organizations architecture, as Xero is dependent on cloud (Gregory 2016). Time consumption: It is identified that appropriate amount of time is mainly needed in order to manage as well as install the software of accounting within the architecture of the system so that the organization can be able to manage various types of development within the organization. References Al-Ghofaili, A.A. and Al-Mashari, M.A., 2014, August. ERP system adoption traditional ERP systems vs. cloud-based ERP systems. InInnovative Computing Technology (INTECH), 2014 Fourth International Conference on(pp. 135-139). IEEE. Alomuna, S.C. and Chima, R.O., 2016. A REVIEW OF CULTURE ON ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE; A FOCUS ON NIGERIAN AIRSPACE MANAGEMENT AGENCY.International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Review,6(2). Ashkenas, R., Ulrich, D., Jick, T. and Kerr, S., 2015.The boundaryless organization: Breaking the chains of organizational structure. John Wiley Sons. Bhattacharyya, D.K., 2013. Evidence-Based HR-Mediated Innovative Quality Management Practices: A Study on Two SMEs of India.Quality Innovation: Knowledge, Theory, and Practices: Knowledge, Theory, and Practices, p.464. Chen, A., Peng, N. and Hung, K.P., 2015. Strategic management of salespeople when promoting new products: Moderating effects of sales-related organizational psychological climate.European Journal of Marketing,49(9/10), pp.1616-1644. Dimitriu, O. and Matei, M., 2014. A new paradigm for accounting through cloud computing.Procedia Economics and Finance,15, pp.840-846. Drury, R.K. and Vickers, M.J., Xero Limited, 2015.Systems and methods of access control and system integration. U.S. Patent 9,117,208. Drury, R.K. and Vickers, M.J., Xero Limited, 2015.Systems and methods of direct accounting transfer. U.S. Patent Application 14/689,894. Gregory, M., 2016. Big Data, Big Decisions.Journal of the Australian New Zealand Institute of Insurance Finance,39(2). Hingorani, K., Beasley, B. and Bradford, J., 2015. ENHANCING STUDENT LEARNING OF ERP CONFIGURATION THROUGH A QUICKBOOKS TUTORIAL.Issues in Information Systems,16(1). Lionco.com. 2017.Welcome! | Lion. [online] Available at: https://www.lionco.com/ [Accessed 9 May 2017]. Mageto, J., 2017. Accounting Softwares in Australia. An Overview. Morales, J.M., Conejo, A.J., Madsen, H., Pinson, P. and Zugno, M., 2013.Integrating renewables in electricity markets: operational problems(Vol. 205). Springer Science Business Media. Riechman, J.A., Park, L.O., Ruffner, C.M. and Groninger, J.W., 2014. Challenges and motivations behind sustaining a volunteer-based forest management organization: A case study of the southeastern Illinois Prescribed Burn Association.Journal of Forestry,112(2), pp.215-220. Shukla, S., Mishra, P.K., Jain, R. and Yadav, H.C., 2016. An integrated decision making approach for ERP system selection using SWARA and PROMETHEE method.International Journal of Intelligent Enterprise,3(2), pp.120-147. Tan, L.M., 2016. Professional skills required of accountants: What do Australian and New Zealand job advertisements tell us?.

Business between Americans and Taiwanese Ellens Trip to Taiwan Essay Example For Students

Ellen Stoddard-Jones, 35, was a sales representative with a multinational data systems company headquartered in New York. She was a capable and ambitious graduate with a dual M. B. A. / Ph. D. from a prestigious European university. Most of her company’s international business was conducted in Europe and Japan while China was a growing market for its products. Ellen was recently transferred to be responsible for the Far East market. And she was fixed a schedule of the third time in two years to meet with representatives of a very large Taiwanese distributor whose product lines fit those of her company. Ellen’s first trip to Taiwan had been basically positive, but somewhat unsettling. Very little business was discussed as she expected. Some more internationally-experienced coworkers told her before her trip that the Taiwanese definitely spend most of the time establishing a relationship. Exactly, she was warm welcomed and respected during her stay by being provided entertainment. Ellen really enjoyed such entertainment, but still frustrated by such slow approach to achieving business goals. Ellen’s second trip had more beyond her expectations as to what a business trip should be due to her more forceful lead in the negotiations. She spent almost a full week meeting with her primary contact, Chen Wu-Ping and his colleagues. The Taiwanese team highly complimented about how well her company and theirs â€Å"fit†, especially about how he â€Å"looked forward to a long-term business relationship†. Ellen found out that the Taiwanese clearly realized the superiority of her firm and its product lines but they showed modest attitude toward their own company’s qualifications, which surprised her a lot. She knew that the distributor was among the best in the region and she regarded this opportunity as a very beneficial deal. Unfortunately, she left for U. S. with Chen Wu-Ping’s talking â€Å"something will happen soon† and without a signed contract at the end of the week. Ellen’s third trip didn’t seem to be as smooth as Ellen thought before. The Taiwanese renegotiated major points of the proposal and said that they needed more time to discuss the contract. What made Ellen confused was that she couldn’t tell who exactly had the authority to make the decision to sign the contract because Chen Wu-Ping team did not seem to have an acknowledged leader. Ellen thought the meeting on the third day could make progress. She clearly explained the benefits and competitive advantages of her products over the competition. And the Taiwanese asked many detailed questions about her products, which made her surprised and anxious because she had provided them long ago with substantial documentation outlining the specifications of the given product lines. When Ellen asked Taiwanese questions, they kept averting eye contact. She emphasized the deal was very competitive priced but was followed by uncomfortable silence. Then she listed again all the benefits they would receive by signing the contract and argued her company’s products would improve their outdated methods. But the Taiwanese said they would study her proposal at the end of the meeting. Ellen felt that a company like hers shouldn’t get this kind of treatment. She thought that it would be their fault if they didn’t recognize all the advantages her company provided. A few weeks after Ellen returned to New York, she received word that the Taiwanese distributors had decided to give up signing the contract. 2. Analysis of the case The case is talking about the business between American and Taiwanese, which would involve the cross-cultural communication. The analysis of this case will be divided into four parts as following. 2. 1 What is culture? Culture plays a very important role in the cross-cultural communication. As the case is related to the issue of culture, we should know what a culture is firstly. There are varieties of definitions for culture based on people’s different perspectives. One definition I think the most appropriate is â€Å"culture means the values and perspectives shared by people who are conditioned by similar education and life experience† (Extract from MIT Sloan Paper). As researchers state that culture is not inherent but learnt. Where there you are, whose culture you will learn. In the case, Ellen was a Native American and always worked in US. What she said and did was all in American’s way. While Chen Wu-ping came from and lived in Taiwan which made his behavior was significantly branded with Taiwanese’s culture. And culture can encompass variety of experiences. These kinds of experiences are accumulated in the region (country, area and community) you are, the business (industry, company and department) you are with, and the group (school and club) you are in. Ellen engaged in a multinational company and most of her company’s international business was conducted in Europe and Japan. We may say that she knew very much about the culture of European and Japanese and had her own style to do business with European people and Japanese people, while Chinese culture was still new for her then she didn’t know very exactly how to deal with the Taiwanese people. Before her first trip to Taiwan, her internationally-experienced co-workers told her that the Taiwanese would one-hundred-percent spend most of the time establishing a relationship. The remark was just a reminder or even a suggestion to her. But she had no idea about the root of the Taiwanese’s culture, which really made her first trip unsettling as Taiwanese prefer to establish the relationship than develop a contract directly. 2. 2 Values between Ellen and the Taiwanese Ellen’s primary core value of her trip to Taiwan was to fulfill her tasks—expanding the China market. But for the Taiwanese, they had different core value compared with that of Ellen’s, that was, they hoped to build up a relationship with Ellen’s company at the beginning to the end of the business. Cultures may be classified as low context or high context. British civilization EssayChen Wu-ping team didn’t mention directly whether they agreed what Ellen said during all the negotiations. They just told Ellen they needed time to further study the proposal. Nonverbal communication behaviors: Nonverbal cues and behaviors vary from one culture to another. In the case, an uncomfortable silence occurred on the third meeting. Such kind of silence may be considered harmful for the communication between Ellen and Taiwanese team. Because silence meant that the Taiwanese were thinking of the Ellen’s remark about the competitive price. Nonverbal communication behavior is very useful for clarifying meaning when business was conducted by two groups of people from different cultures. 2. 4 Factors influence the effective communication In order to get a successful cross-cultural communication, not only knowledge and preparation are required, but the following factors should also be bear in mind from the case: Patiencea willingness to accept ambiguity, confusion, frustration. Ellen was not so patient enough to accept the Taiwanese way of doing business. She felt frustrated with Taiwanese’s slow approach to achieve business goals on her first trip. Then she surprised on the Taiwanese’s modest in their firm’s qualifications. In the final trip, she could not control her emotion but argued her products would be the best one for Taiwanese company. She could not wait another longer time for Taiwanese’s consideration of the proposal. Empathy—it means you put yourself in another’s position and to anticipate another’s reaction to a situation. From the above analysis, Ellen placed great importance on her own proposal but could not put herself in the Taiwanese position to think about what they really concerned about. She laid stress on her company’s reputation and its advantageous products but ignored showing respect to the Taiwanese’s company. Respect—the initiative to esteem and learn from the culture of others, no matter how different from you own. Taiwanese people are good at showing respect to Ellen and her company. They gave many comments of her company and praised its products. What’s more, they provided Ellen entertainment when she stayed in Taiwan and invited her to come to Taiwan again for another negotiation. Compared with Taiwanese’s warm welcome and their great respect, Ellen was far more inferior in this field. She didn’t show respect to Taiwanese company as Taiwanese showed to her company. Although the negotiation fell into unsettling situation, she still concentrated on the contract itself but could not shift her eyes on the Taiwanese’s need in deep. This is the great difference between Ellen and Taiwanese team. In a word, conduct business with Taiwanese means that Ellen should do things as she in Taiwan. Although the above case focuses on the differences among cultures, it’s also important to note that there are differences within cultures. Cultures differentiate between regions, between ethnic groups within a culture, between organizations, and between individuals. So we have to be concern about another’s culture. The understanding of differences will increase the effectiveness of the intra-cultural and intercultural communication. 3. Recommendation As it is discussed above very clearly that the misunderstanding of Taiwanese’s culture made Ellen lose the business in Taiwan, the following suggestion are given to her for the future negotiations when she conducted business in Taiwan. Relationships—Do in Rome as Rome does. She should have done a research about the Taiwan’s company and learnt the Taiwanese’s culture. To make sure the negotiations go smoothly, she could even hire a local person as a mediator between her the Taiwanese team. What’s important, she should be more patient in establishing a long-term relationship with the Taiwanese but not merely promoted her contract again and again. Moreover, she should have figure out what the Taiwanese really wanted and who was exactly the decision-maker in the Taiwan’s company before she went to Taiwan. Then she could set up an appropriate agenda and cater to the decision-maker’s tastes, which could save her more time and increase the probability to get the contract signed. Respect—Ellen should have shown her respect to the Taiwanese as they did for her. And she should have provided the entertainment to them such as invite Chen Wu-ping team out for dinner, ask them to visit her company, etc. Informal communication—Ellen always discussed her proposal on the formal meeting, which made it too stressful all the time. She should have invited Chen Wu-ping outside of the office and talked with him informally, then, built up a personal relationship with Chen to know the inside story. Most of the Taiwanese’s businesses are conducted on the dinner table but not in the office. Nonverbal communication cues—Ellen should have learnt of the nonverbal cues. The eye contacts, the silence, and the indirect way of expressing ideas are often stated in the Taiwanese’s culture. So Ellen should know very clearly what these nonverbal cues mean and take the suitable actions to response for such situations. I have realized that CFM course really does me a lot of help in the communication with others, especially after my presentation on the last lesson. Professor Xu provided me with much suggestion of improving the presentation skills. I extend my appreciation here for Professor Jia Jia’s encouragement and Professor Xu’s comments. I would bear what you have taught in mind all the time and keep moving forward every day.